Welcome to the forum.
People have used this sort of thing before, preprinted plywoods and MDF are a pretty well known type of product out there.
The only way to be 100% sure is to ask the manufacturer for an MSDS.
You can search the forum for some additional insight:
https://community.glowforge.com/search?q=patterned%20mdf
https://community.glowforge.com/search?q=sublimated
Should get you going in the right direction.
As for “safe”, there are a few types of safe to think about, but the two big ones are: safe for your laser vs safe for you.
Safe for you – In general, don’t breathe any fumes from anything you laser. It’s almost universally bad, that’s why we have good fans and ventilation/filter setups. Nothing good can come of breathing the fumes or dust in.
Safe for the laser – There are two major risks to the laser from materials: fire and corrosion. Printed woods should be about as flammable as regular woods, so just use caution and treat it like most other wood/mdf. Corrosion is nastier, PVC is the big offender here. You laser PVC, it creates chlorine compounds that ultimately lead to deposits of hydrochloric acid on the inside of your machine, which can outright kill the glowforge even after one cut.
So. Don’t do PVC (often referred to as “vinyl”, but not all vinyls are PVC).
There may be other materials that could damage your machine, that’s where learning about MSDS and how to read them is a good thing.
https://community.glowforge.com/search?q=MSDS
Anyway, My gut says you’ll be fine with sublimated woods, but if you’re worried don’t trust me (a rando on the internet), trust the MSDS.