That end of the cable is the standard USB B plug. The rectangular end that plugs into your computer is the USB A plug. That size was great for printers and other large devices, but not so great for phones. Several years ago they came out with the Mini-B plug that was 3mm tall. Next, even that was too tall and the most common now is the Micro-B plug.
In general, Type A connectors plug into the computer and Type B connectors plug into devices, and some devices that don’t have removeable cords (like USB mice) or any cords (thumb drives) will only have the Type A plug.
The latest iteration is the USB C connector. This is a connector that doesn’t make a distinction between computer and device. You can have a USB C jack on both a computer and a phone, in which case the cable will have the same connector on each end. Some computers, like the latest MacBooks, only have USB C and require adapters for anything else. The Surface Book 2 has both USB A 3.0 ports and a USB C port. (USB C is also considered version 3.1 and is Apple Thunderbolt compatible.)