I would start by looking at the CAD file. I don’t use TurboCAD, (never have), but a lot of the CAD programs render curves using short connected straight line segments instead of smooth Bezier curves that the 2D drawing programs like Illustrator and Inkscape use.
The way the laser works is to travel from node to node on the line, and if there are a lot of short choppy segments making up the curve, you can get a choppy edge on your final result.
Reducing the nodes and rendering a smooth curve might give a better result.
The other thing to check is the kind of acrylic it is…cast or extruded. One kind melts with a smoother finish in the laser than the other, and I don’t remember which one now. (I think it’s the cast acrylic, since that’s what the Proofgrade is, and I’ve never noticed a lot of edge banding, but I’m not completely sure.) I’ve never seen the pitting on the surface on the Proofgrade acrylic that shows in a couple of your images there…that just looks like a bad batch of acrylic. Or maybe flashback from the wrong settings if that is the bottom edge. Using masking on it while cutting will help with that.
Third thing is to understand that you are not going to get a perfectly smooth edge without flame polishing it afterwards. The results you have up there don’t look bad at all to me, but if you want them to look glassy smooth, you could try a brief flame polish on them after cutting.
Video here of a flame polisher actually used for the purpose, but you can use any small torch. (I’d use a creme brulee torch from the kitchen section, but I’m a girl.) 